Philosophy of mind, modern European philosophy Sartre's term for a crucial kind of human consciousness. Our consciousness is always directed upon some object of which we are aware. This is the Cartesian or reflective cogito. But this consciousness is itself accompanied by a consciousness that we are aware. Sartre called this second-order awareness, which is consciousness directed upon consciousness, pre-reflective cogito. This consciousness, which always passes without being reflected upon, makes reflection possible. The pre-reflective cogito is the condition of the reflective cogito. On Sartre's view of intentionality, therefore, consciousness operates on two levels at once. Sartre's account of consciousness led to his rejection of Freud's notion of the unconscious. A major task of Sartre's philosophy was to give a descriptive account of the pre-reflective cogito. “I believe that I have demonstrated that the first condition of all reflection is a pre-reflective cogito. This cogito, to be sure, does not posit an object; it remains within consciousness. But it is nonetheless homologous with the reflective cogito since it appears as the first necessity for non-reflective consciousness to be seen by itself.” Sartre, Being and Nothingness
心灵哲学，现代欧洲哲学萨特关于人类意识关键类型的术语。我们的意识总是指向我们所意识到的客体。这就是笛卡尔沉思或者叫反思之思。但是这种意识本身就伴随着我们有所意识的意识。萨特称这种二阶意识，也即指向意识自身的意识，为前反思之思。这种意识，也即在运行之中无需被反思的意识，使得反思之思成为可能。前反思之思乃是反思之思的条件。因此，就萨特的意向性观点而言，意识同时完成了两个阶段。萨特的意识观念导致他拒斥弗洛伊德的无意识概念。萨特哲学的一个重要任务便是给出前反思的描述性观念。“我相信我业已论证所有反思的首要条件乃是前反思之思。此种思，定然没有指向某客体；它保持在意识之内。尽管如此，作为首要的必然性，它与反思之思一致，盖无反思的意识为自身所见。”萨特，《存在与虚无》
1. Philosophy of mind
对于Philosophy of mind，“心灵哲学”似乎成为定译，但穷其本意，乃是意识哲学或心理（学）哲学，与佛学所谓之“心”大相径庭，心灵哲学的始祖，或为亚里士多德《灵魂论》诸篇，商务有吴寿彭先生译本《灵魂论及其他》，其中精妙，大可一观。插一句，idealism一译“唯心主义”，此译又为官方哲学教材支持，流传甚广，但如若顺应此译，则idea应被译作“唯心”，或者“心”，但众所周知，就idea的源头，实是“理型”，“原本”，“原型”，“范式”，与“心”毫无关涉。使用“唯心主义”或“唯心论”迻译idealism，或大失其意。
2. second-order
可将此翻译为“二级”，或者“二阶”，似乎前者更加符合汉语习惯，但诸友多使用“二阶”，也从此译。
3. reflective cogito﹠pre-reflective cogito
前者译作“反思之思”，后者译作“前反思之思”。在最初翻译时，我径直将两者译作“反思”和“前反思”，但问题在于，这种译法混淆了“反思”和“前反思”作为动词和名词的两重性，是故，将reflective cogito译作“反思之思”，将pre-reflective cogito译作“前反思之思”；对应将reflective译作“反思的”，将pre-reflective cogito译作“前反思的”。对于cogito，学界多译作“我思”，而将cogito sum译作“我思故我在”，但我仅仅将其翻译为“思”，因为在“思”之前，“我”还不“在（是）”，是故，没有“我思”，只有“（我）思”，（我）尚在括号之内，故只译作“思”。“This cogito”译作“此种思”。
西元2009年6月18日·蚌埠
转自：http://tomleerui.fyfz.cn/blog/tomleerui/index.aspx?blogid=487838